Izgradnja vjetroelektrana pripada infrastrukturnim projektima, kao na primjer termo, hidro ili nuklearnim elektranama. Za sve navedeno postoje čvrsta pravila igre, odnosno, prije izgradnje se postavljaju zahtjevi na visine dimnjaka i cijeli niz drugih parametara. Za razliku od većine razvijenih zemalja, u Hrvatskoj ne postoji jedinstveno pravilo o minimalnoj udaljenosti od kuća, jer se pravila donose na županijskoj razini. Ta činjenica, sama po sebi, ukazuje da je važnije dobiti novac od zemljišta na kojem je vjetroelektrana nego brinuti o posljedicama njenog postavljanja na ljude i životinje, pa su tako minimalne udaljenosti od 300 do 800 metara.
Grupa istraživača iz Kanade, SAD-a i Portugala je analizirala iskustva ljudi koji žive na manje od deset kilometara od tih grdosija. Ovdje ću dati vrlo skraćeni sažetak nalaza, a koga bude više zanimalo ima u izvorima popis literature.
Efekti na ljude koji žive ili rade u blizini vjetroturbina: nesanica, kardiovaskularni simptomi, glavobolje/migrene, stres/tjeskoba, promjene raspoloženja, vrtoglavica i kognitivna disfunkcija.
Efekti na konje – analizom konja na farmi u Portugalu ustanovljeno je da su konji rođeni nakon postavljanja vjetroturbine imali asimetrične fleksorne deformacije ekstremiteta.
Za ptice i šišmiše je već dulje vremena poznato da stradavaju od vjetroturbina. Posebno je žalostan način na koji šišmiši stradavaju, naime kod njih najčešće dolazi do unutarnjeg krvarenja zbog razlike u tlaku ispred i iza turbine, a manje stradavaju od direktnog sudara s oštricom turbine.
Zanimljiva studija je rađena u Velikoj Britaniji. Analizirana je razina kortizola (hormona stresa) kod jazavaca koji žive u blizini vjetroturbina. Pronađena je 264% viša razina kortizola uzrokovana zvukom turbina. Pokazalo se da stres ostaje prisutan u vremenu, drugim riječima jazavci se ne mogu naviknuti na zvuk. Zaključak je da te visoke razine mogu utjecati na imunološki sustav jazavaca, što bi moglo rezultirati povećanim rizikom od infekcija i bolesti u njihovoj populaciji.
U preglednom članku (Dumbrille i sur.) skupljeni su podaci iz više zemalja. Tako su negativni efekti na zdravlje životinja u reprodukciji, oštećenju ploda i deformitetima pronađeni u Kanadi, Danskoj, Japanu, Portugalu i SAD-u, a smrtnost u Kanadi, Francuskoj i Tajvanu. Kod goveda se radilo o nedostatku očiju i repa, smrti od raka, krvarenju iz nozdrva. Kod pilića su primijećeni nepravilni kljunovi, nedostatak očiju, deformiteti lubanje, nožni zglobovi savijeni pod čudnim kutom. U Ontariju je kod goveda primijećeno agresivno i čudno ponašanje, gubitak težine, smanjenje plodnosti, visok postotak mastitisa (upale tkiva dojke), deformirana telad pri rođenju i visok postotak mrtvo rođenih. Slične pojave su zabilježene kod koza u Kanadi i Tajvanu.
Postoje još barem dvije značajne negativne stavke vjetroelektrana. Sa svakom izgrađenom turbinom, s pripadajućim pristupnim putem i stupovima za distribuciju struje se smanjuje stanište divljih životinja. Dolazi do erozije tla budući da se mora posjeći šuma, a u ovisnosti o materijalu koji se koristi za pristupne ceste, moguće je i zagađenje izvora pitke vode.
Začarani negativni krug postavljanja vjetroturbina očituje se u smanjenju ptica i šišmiša, koje ima za posljedicu povećanje broja kukaca i glodavaca, slijedom čega se smanjuje količina proizvedene hrane. Kad već uništavamo prirodu za „spas“ planeta (iako mi nije jasno što će nam planet bez prirode, odnosno života), da pogledamo koliko energije daju stotine tisuća tih čudovišta.
Posegnuo sam ponovno za dijelom predavanja Hans Wernera Sinna, vrhunskog njemačkog ekonomista. Na dijagramu je raspodjela proizvedene energije u EU 2019. godine. Vjetro i solarne elektrane daju zajedno 3.4%, a najviše „obnovljive“ energije dolazi od peleta, odnosno drveta. Preko dvije trećine energije dolazi od fosilnih goriva, a 14.2% iz nuklearki (najvećim dijelom francuskih).
Svo to masovno uništavanje prirode za 3% energije. I onda netko govori o „klimatski neutralnom“ stanju za manje od trideset godina. Kako kaže jedan lik iz meni vrlo dragog filma „Kako je počeo rat na mom otoku“: „Koješta, druže pukovniče.“ Nevjerojatno je kako suvremeni čovjek lako i brzo zaboravlja ono što ga je učinilo dominantnim bićem na planetu: maštu, radoznalost, inovativnost, inteligenciju. Kad već, potpuno nepotrebno i štetno, želimo smanjiti ugljikov dioksid prisjetimo se postojećih rješenja. Prije nekoliko dana navršilo se 70 godina od kad je prva nuklearka u Obninsku priključena na strujnu mrežu Moskve. Danas ih širom svijeta ima preko 400, a planira ih se još toliko.
Zanimljiv noviji koncept je izgradnja malih modularniih reaktora, koji su uobičajeno snage 300 MW, što je otprilike kao snaga termoelektrane Plomin. Zapanjujući su podaci o dimenzijama takve nuklearke. Samo postrojenje zahtijeva 0.84 hektara, a ograđeni dio sa svom pratećom opremom zauzima 2.6 hektara. I to je to. Radni vijek je 60 godina, za razliku od vjetroturbina koje u najboljem slučaju rade 25 godina. Tako se uzalud troše ograničeni resursi na beskorisne i štetne stvari, osim zarade za investitore.
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Klima i Energija 